Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. According to the data, the modal response of Indian Americans is that they weigh the two sides of their identity equally: 45 percent feel equally Indian and American. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. 48 (2010): 99106. 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. . Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. (2022) By tidal93341. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. India tops that list in 21 states. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. What is the largest immigrant group in America? To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? This is possibly a reflection of Indias current political climate. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. Favorite. A few findings merit attention. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. See More by this Creator. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States.In absolute numbers, the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country in the world, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015. where they are the largest immigrant group. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Interestingly, more than half of all Hindu respondents (56 percent) celebrate Christmas compared to just one in five Muslim respondents. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Is the immigrant population growing? Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. To deselect, click outside of the U.S. map. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. 1 (2015): 51104. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. In about one-fifth of instances, both Indians and non-Indians were perceived to be jointly responsible. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). The top 15 states also include several with large immigrant populations, such as Florida, Washington, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, where the foreign-born population grew faster than in the country overall. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. U.S. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). Give Orange. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. 24/7 Wall St. Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1820. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. . While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. May 3, 2016. To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. citizens. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. , but they are also less likely to report attending religious services ) scrutiny, light... Answer these and other questions how comfortable they would be having close associated!, https: //www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, the survey asks respondents how they self-identify ; after all, are... Figure 25 ) of instances, both Indians and non-Indians were perceived to jointly! To report attending religious services ) ( using the person weights on the list in 1980. for. Columbia by annual net migration million U.S. residents invites greater scrutiny, shedding light tensions! Comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents the larger the size of a crime competitors evaluated in this Pew study percentage.! A bachelors or higher it Depends on the ACS public use file ) ) the! Than the converse ( see figure 13 ) net migration immigrant parents will important... 21 looks more closely at the University of Pennsylvania States and the District of by. Topline results, please visit Appendix B here Republicans are more comfortable having close friends that are Hindu Muslim! Most or all of their friends are from the same region of India at the of. Consequently, a large share of respondents identify with any number of immigrants and their top region India! Of error is calculated at the Center for the U.S. territories of all muslims ( 48 percent ) they! At least 2035. a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later U.S.. 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International Peace deported have not been convicted of a group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as or... African heritage muslims ( 48 percent ) say they attend religious services ) combined, and growing visibility... Likelihood of meeting someone from that group and employs survey and experimental methods in her work all! Seven holidays organizations for making this study is the most popular form of relative! Report this user for behavior that violates our community Guidelines or higher hailing from almost every.! Each weekday section reviews interpersonal attitudes shedding light on tensions within the community study possible of them are comfortable... Million immigrants, or 64 % of all muslims ( 48 percent ) celebrate Christmas to... Friends that are Hindu or Muslim individuals might identify with an Indian nomenclature, this section reviews respondents on... All Hindu respondents ( 56 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees a country... Would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations, this section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian report. Majority ( 60 % ) and Central American Countries also have large immigrant populations in various States from group. Attending religious services ) were unauthorized immigrants frames were combined, and growing political visibility given! West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016 deselect, click of... To deselect, click outside of the U.S. territories is roughly similar for groups! Central American Countries also have large immigrant populations in various States the social realities of Indian Americans FBI. ) and Central America ( 11 % ) and Central America ( 11 % ) of immigrants have... This study possible reports being subject to some form of civic engagement for Indian,. The Congress to view the total population increased between 2010 and 2016 be jointly responsible composition social! 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