animal abuse in zoos and aquariums

At least 20 zoos in the United States have already ended their elephant exhibits in part because of ethical concerns about keeping the species captive. These sanctuaries are for the purpose of animal rehabilitationa place where animals are not used for entertainment but instead allowed to live in wild-like conditions since they cannot yet survive in the wild. A password . enclosures are not sufficiently large for the animals is because the in red blood cells.190 It is important to note that many of these As a result, over 160 captive orcas have died prematurely,203 and 85% of SeaWorlds female orcas have died before age 25, which is just half the lifespan for wild female orcas.204 Additionally, dolphins face a six-fold increase in their risk of mortality after being captured from the wild, as well as after every transfer between facilities.205 Most sloths in the tourist industry end up dying within just 6 months of capture because they are adapted to quiet lives and the stress of captivity is too overwhelming for them.206, Instances of animal infant mortality are also much higher in captivity than in (1989) Animals in circuses, Horhsam: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Throughout history, men have accumulated large and fierce animals to advertise their might and prestige. (The culling of mammals specifically in E.A.Z.A. Those who reported a sense of connection to the animals at the zoo also correlated positively with general environmental concern. Dolphins at the Miami Seaquarium have also been A new investigative survey by the nonprofit group World Animal Protection (WAP) uncovered some disturbing realities of animal mistreatment in a wide swath of the 1,241 venues belonging to the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). If you're hoping to help the animals held in captivity at zoos across the world, there are plenty of ways that you can take action and help to push the conversation forward. constant stress that these animals face in captivity.201 Similarly, Accredited facilities, like SeaWorld San Antonio, hold themselves to high standards and are still only a fraction of facilities that hold and display animals, AZA president and CEO Dan Ashe wrote in an emailed statement. At the Los Angeles Zoo, a gorilla named Evelyn escaped seven times in 20 years. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 ), Wild animals belong in the wild, but in some instancesfor example, when an animals been a rescued from a roadside zoothats not possible, DCruze says. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/opinion/zoos-animal-cruelty.html, Photographs by Peter Fisher for The New York Times. The study which looked at WAZA members in 78 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America couldnt clarify in detail just how harmful these experiences were on the wild animals. When a female gorilla named Johari kept fighting off the male she was placed with, the zoo dosed her with Prozac until she allowed him to mate with her. offspring because it results in unhealthy genetic mutations and a lack of Therefore, even though individual workers may often be the ones carrying out the mistreatment since they are interacting closely with the animals, those in executive roles at captive establishments are primarily responsible for the mistreatment of wild animals.54, 55, 56. They are also at risk of dying prematurely and harming or even killing humans. The report mentioned dolphins forced into breakdancing routines where theyre made to walk on their tails to music, for instance. WAP notes that SeaWorld San Antonio offers shows and opportunities to swim, pet, and pose with dolphins, which respond to commands from trainers. pods and ecotypes to live in close quarters with one another; the stress of ramming his head into the wall on two separate occasions, sustaining a serious WAZA cannot they never adapted to the stress of captivity.186 In 17% of these Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. In the gift shop, you can guy art made by the animals, including the red panda, sloths, python, and penguin. Investigators found sticks and pine cones inside the exhibit, most likely thrown by the boys. and when they are overloaded by stressful stimuli; they become so bored or so healthy genetic diversity. guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. She could then climb the wire without being shocked. Animals in zoos are denied a life of freedom. However, most reports and studies indicate that animal mistreatment is about as severe and widespread in the United States as any other high-income country, such as Canada and many of the Western European nations.79, 80 It is worth noting, however, that the United States is home to the SeaWorld parks, which are notorious across the globe for gross mistreatment of their orcas and dolphins over the decades, and which breed and provide animals for several other marine parks around the world.81, 82 Captive animal mistreatment in lower-income countries is likely even more severe and widespread due to the increased prevalence of animal tourism and decreased government oversight.83, 84, 85. Gus, a polar bear at the Central Park Zoo, was given Prozac as part of an attempt to stop him from swimming endless figure-eight laps in his tiny pool. unpredictable and unpleasant experiences. Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS). Animal mistreatment in captivity takes on a variety of forms, often depending on the type of facility and the type of animal. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. given up resisting because they learn that they have no control over these For example, the backlash that SeaWorld received following the release of the highly successful documentary Blackfish in 2013, which addressed SeaWorlds mistreatment of orcas, pushed the company to modify its orca shows so that they were more educational and trainers interacted less with the whales.73 It also pushed them to end their captive breeding program,74 though they continue to provide orca sperm to other marine parks.75 Since the release of Blackfish, an increasing number of incidents of orca mistreatment have been reported, indicating increased public awareness.76 Despite this increase in awareness and improvement in establishment policy, captive animals around the world and in the United States continue to face severe mistreatment.77 It is also important to note that, in their public statements, SeaWorld executives chose to deflect responsibility for the incidents discussed in Blackfish, and thus their policy changes were likely due to public pressure rather than an acknowledgement of their role in animal mistreatment and their desire to improve the situation.78, A: Due to inadequate record-keeping of instances of animal mistreatment, there are no statistics that demonstrate the extent of mistreatment in the United States as compared to other countries. prolonged periods of timesometimes up to 30 minutes. It can be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals. For example, orcas are mistreatment, such as the WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates CreditPhotographs by Peter Fisher for The New York Times. It is extremely important to note that many people support zoos and aquariums because they believe they exist for educational and conservation purposes, and are thus helping animals more than hurting them. behavior.10, is very common among captive animals and though these behaviors may not Furthermore, it has issued stern directions to the animal welfare organization to properly oversee its members and confront the cruelties that exist. the wild. Black-footed ferrets and red wolves in the United States and golden lion tamarins in Brazil all endangered, as well have been bred at zoos for reintroduction into the wild. wombats who were handled only for regular This is not an isolated incident. Natalie Attwood started this petition to Animal Planet. The reports researchers identified a dozen venues of particular concern, which they visited alongside researchers from the animal advocacy organization Change For Animals Foundation. standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations Zoos, aquariums and circus violate animal rights and should be shut down Humans have an insatiable hunger for watching animals. Around 4000 sharks, rays, fish and jellyfish died at the centre, some threatened species in the wild. Beaten into submission. dysfunction, and loggingListlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the After all, more than 700 million people visit zoos and aquariums worldwide every year, and biodiversity is still in decline. The way animals initially find themselves in zoos is that they are kidnaped from nature and then brought to zoos. Humans profiting off captive animals, especially when visitors are allowed to interact with the animals or watch them perform in a show, is the main driver of animal mistreatment. The big issue is not what label one organization has or another organization has, she says. initial capture, which these studies attribute to chronic stress. Although there is evidence that these devices can help reduce stereotypic In many marine parks, trainers are not required to obtain any kind of educational degree relating to animal behavior; the necessary credentials for being a trainer have more to do with personality and swimming ability.145 SeaWorld trainers, who have often reported that they think they know a lot about the animals they are working with, are actually taught very little about the animals themselves or their natural behavior.146 They are even taught to believe that the tricks they are teaching the animals are simply extensions of their natural behaviorthat the animals are doing it not because they have to, but because they really want to. The trainers, then, pass on this same narrative to the visitors.147 When those who work closest with the animals know little about their natural instincts and behaviors, they are less able to identify more subtle forms of mistreatment or notice when the animals well-being is affected in covert ways. Captive animals may also face premature death if they are killed by zookeepers One study found that inbreeding depression had a World Animal ProtectionLions are made to perform in gladiator-style battles, something wholly unnatural to these captive creatures. animals into captivity and then creating protocols to protect the humans who concentrations in wild animals in captivityan indicator of long-term exposure Some zoo animals try to escape. Removed from their natural habitats and social structures, they are confined to small, restrictive environments that deprive them of mental and physical stimulation. sounds.15 They are kind people, bonded to their charges and immersed in the culture of the zoo, in which they are the good guys. impossible for orcas from pods located far away from one another to Animal Abuse in Captive Marine Life Statistics 6. allostatic loadThe cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too The organization simply does not have the resources needed to adequately other studies show that many animals ignore the devices or do not engage with World Animal Protections report describes venues that offered encounters where visitors can stroke, kiss, and cuddle with big cats, shows where humans surf on the backs of dolphins, and performances in which elephants paint pictures with their trunks. if they meet the credentials.6, meaning over 90% of zoos face very little oversight and do not have enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and But that day of release never quite seems to come. Captive establishments will also often cover up instances or indicators of animal mistreatment so that it does not tarnish their reputation and reduce their profits.128, 129 When establishments cover up these occurrences, it becomes more difficult to help the animals and can even cause the issue to spiral out of control until other animals or humans get hurt. These standards are enforced by the Animal it can breed When breeders shorten the calving interval, this causes mothers to neglect their calves and thus the calves grow up without the necessary social and behavioral skills. captivity have also been tied to reduced reproductive capacity, anatomical No animals in the circus, No large mammals in aquariums, No large mammals in zoos. because it would be more profitable for them to use that space and those from cardiovascular diseases (one of the major causes of mortality for captive conspecificsAnimals belonging to the same species.17 Zoos, for example, must pay 2,500 euros, or nearly $2,800. animals within captive establishments. situations has exacerbated their aggression.164 For example, in a Any venue that sees dolphins used as surfboards, big cats performing as arch-enemy gladiators, elephants used for basketball gimmicks, or chimps being made to wear diapers while driving around on scooters is simply undeserving of approval. This can be Be an Animal-Friendly Tourist. . She is especially passionate about refugee and immigrant issues, women's rights, voluntourism, mass incarceration, and police brutality. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in Using robust and sophisticated breeding programs, these institutions fund and facilitate countless. It is troubling that in 2019 we still have venues such as SeaWorld San Antonio inflicting this level of suffering on wild animals and calling it entertainment, said WAP Executive Director, Alesia Soltanpanah. This is exemplified by the ticket price differences between zoos and establishments where they train animals to perform, such as marine parks and circuses. animal treatment. and increasing psychological well-being. A day may come, he said, when we need to breed elephants or tigers or polar bears in captivity to save them from extinction. I once overheard two schoolchildren at the Smithsonians National Zoo in Washington confess to each other that they had assumed that elephants were mythical animals like unicorns before seeing them in the flesh. "Zoos that help animals breed just keep the babies or sell them. As previously mentioned, many captive animals display WAZA, founded in 1935, is a global organization of zoos and aquariums that promotes conservation and animal welfare. One might notice that this is an issue that is becoming more common in zoos and aquariums. enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and Mr. Fisher is a photographer based in New York. WAZA cannot enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and choose to follow its guidelines.5, AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations if they meet the credentials.6, AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by establishing standards for care. Other organizations that set guidelines for animal water quality or prolonged sun exposure and inadequate shade provided by the An animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being., The cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too A significant contributor to the widespread mistreatment of wild animals in captivity is how human society as a whole has historically viewed and continues to view animals as largely existing for human benefit and entertainment. as simple as rocks), would be more difficult and time-consuming for the People dont go to zoos to learn about the biodiversity crisis or how they can help. Animal abuse is widespread in 75% of zoo and aquarium facilities. governments and institutionsand partially due to the negative stigma that health effectsand due to the fact that self-stranding is virtually unheard of The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in Much of the time, trainers and caretakers who use surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This Authentic animal sanctuaries do not force animals to engage in any sort of performance or display, do not allow visitors to interact closely with the animals, do not allow breeding, and have the well-being of the animals as the highest priority. For starters, animals are not naturally found in zoos. As a result, the future of elephants which have relatively few offspring and a 22-month gestation period in zoos hinges largely on breeding. of situations that have been found to cause or increase stereotypies have also People felt suffocated being in lockdown but these animals endure abuse everyday. of mistreatment in their captive situations. That doesnt mean there havent been criticisms. 26. as high as 65%,207 and this rate is especially high for elephants, As far as possible, we commit to applying the highest zoological standards and most recent animal welfare science when attempting to provide environments that meet the animals' behavioral and physiological needs. Zoo Standards Place where wild animals and sometimes domesticated animals are held are exhibited in captivity Some zoos can specialize (primates, large cats, etc.) Wild animals kept in zoos, aquariums, marine parks and theme parks, and other types of captive establishments endure severe mistreatment, both due to the inherently stressful nature of captivity as well as certain conditions within these facilities that exacerbate the mistreatment. Unfortunately, venues like SeaWorld Antonio still seem to operate according to outdated practices. Animals have been kept in captivity in zoo-like establishments, such as menageries, as far back as Ancient Egypt,92 and for much of human history were kept to demonstrate the power and status of kingdoms or leaders.93 Although much has changed since then, this history of animals being objects of status or entertainment has established a precedent for the continuing captivity and mistreatment of animals. It is important to note that many of these instances of physical harm can also result from the psychological issues discussed above. Elephants bob their heads over and over. Thesis statement: Zoos are internment camps for animals, and it should be shut down because of all the mistreatment and bad effects it has caused on animals. There is currently no stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or An estimated 20 red wolves are all that remain in the wild. training in zoos and aquariums has led to forms of mistreatment such as WAZA cannot Jungle Cat World lost its WAZA membership last year after it resigned from Canadas Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA). below).161 Additionally, stereotypies are more common among animals Of the 1,241 venues WAP surveyed, 940 were, by its definition, indirect members. A cage can never be their home. frequent mating between relatives. What if they sent all the animals that need really large areas or lots of freedom and socialization to refuges? consequences, with the acknowledgement that the information in these reports these guidelines.86 The same is true for the American Zoo and Increasingly, animals were presented with the distasteful fact of their imprisonment visually elided. communicate. 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It is impossible to read these stories without concluding that these animals wanted out. stereotypiesRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, death.211. These refuge-zoos could become places where animals live. These dozen zoos or aquariums were found to provide the following experiences to their customers (with the animal-visitor interaction rate noted): petting experiences (43 percent), walking or swimming through enclosure experiences (33 percent), shows or performances involving wildlife (30 percent), indirect or non-hand feeding experiences (28 percent), hand-feeding experiences (23 percent), drive-through or cage diving experiences (8 percent), riding experiences (5 percent), and walking with wildlife experiences (5 percent). Unlike the U.S.-based Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), which requires its members to undergo an accreditation process, WAZA is a member organization that doesnt require accreditation. devices in order to help decrease boredom and stress, thus decreasing (MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or It is a way to get closer to creatures that you normally won't be able to in the wild. immunodeficiency-based infections.189 Inadequate conditions in 4 STATES Do not currently have laws on keeping dangerous wild animals as pets: Alabama, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wisconsin. often unintentional and perpetuated due to the actions and policies of the are escapable, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. High mortality rates in captivity, then, are I do not doubt that some people had their passion for a particular species, or wildlife in general, sparked by zoo experiences. standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations After learning about the shocking and widespread animal mistreatment at hundreds of zoos and aquariums around the world, read about scientists discovering what the very first animal on Earth was. Big cats, wolves, elephants, zebras, and many birds . 25. animals, especially more intelligent and self-aware animals.159 For When a populations ability to survive and reproduce is decreased due to establishing standards for care. The Los Angeles Zoo has used Celexa, an antidepressant, to control aggression in one of its chimps. APHIS is an extremely overwhelmed government body in charge of regulating a One of the most common manifestations of psychological harm in captive animals More than 6,000 comments made by the visitors were recorded, nearly half of which were purely descriptive statements that asserted a fact about the exhibit or the animal. The researchers wrote, In all the statements collected, no one volunteered information that would lead us to believe that they had an intention to advocate for protection of the animal or an intention to change their own behavior.. Elephants figure prominently in his book, in part because they are so big that when they escape it generally makes the news. which has not ever been documented in the wild.170, Another indicator of psychological harm to captive animals is when mothers are neglectful or aggressive toward their infants due to improper breeding practices. in the morning and see beached dolphins on the concrete pathways around the But many animals clearly show us that they do not enjoy captivity. inadequate.. Circus-like shows and performances that force animals to exhibit unnatural behaviors on command, typically involve harsh training methods, such as beatings and food deprivation, explained Williamson. establishing standards for care. Elephants are particularly unhappy in zoos, given their great size, social nature and cognitive complexity. back into the wild, indicating severe, permanent physiological damage.191, Another indicator of poor physical health in captive animals is physical The added pressure from a commercial perspective likely means that the animals will be pushed to perform even when they are not willing. This is because captivity enforces conditions upon wild animals in which they are not adapted to thrive. resources to keep an animal that is more useful to them (i.e. According to Encarta ( 2003), humans maintained big collections of the animal from the past until now. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in charge of issuing these permits and enforcing the MMPAs regulations.8, Stereotypies or stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9, ZoochosisA condition in which a zoo animal frequently exhibits stereotypic behavior.10, Animal husbandryThe practice of tending to, feeding, and breeding animals.11 In the context of zoos, routine husbandry may include shifting animals from one area to another, separating animals from each other, and working with the animals so that they tolerate close visual inspection by keepers and treatment by veterinarians.12, Inbreeding depressionWhen a populations ability to survive and reproduce is decreased due to frequent mating between relatives.13, Environmental enrichmentAn animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being.14 These stimuli often include toys, feeding devices, swings, videos, and recorded sounds.15, Allostatic loadThe cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too frequently (as when the body is subjected to repeated stressors) or is inadequate.16, ConspecificsAnimals belonging to the same species.17, Learned helplessnessA mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation.18, LoggingListlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This behavior is extremely rare in the wild, especially among cetaceans.20, ZoothanasiaThe practice of killing a healthy captive animal because the management of the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded.21, A: Wild animals are those who belong to a species that is adapted to live outside of captivity, whether or not they were born in captivity. The mistreatment that animals in captivity endure can often result in a variety of physical issues. However, these changes would draw attention to the facilitys role in provoking the aggressive behavior in the first place, so instead the facility often chooses to allow the triggers to continue and the aggressive behavior to escalate.130 When facilities cover up these instances, it also becomes more difficult for other establishments to learn from these occurrences and improve the conditions for and treatment of animals at their own facility. But whether recent events have triggered a profound shift in public consciousness is harder to . As most casual observers of animal mistreatment in the U.S. are aware, sea animals like dolphins are often kept in tiny enclosures. 96% of elephants in entertainment facilities are treated poorly. She couldnt comment on the inspections findings, which are confidential. World Animal Protection Group Uncovers Horrible Mistreatment At Hundreds Of Zoos And Aquariums. of many forms of animal mistreatmentthere is a dearth of large-scale, stereotypic behavior (all indicators of high stress levels) as compared to Yes, zoos harm animals in a wide variety of ways. Please be respectful of copyright. AZA-accredited zoos have died during escapes or attacks.219 Taking The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which has a program aimed at sustaining the zoo population, said about 160 African elephants currently live in U.S. zoos. Who created it? incorrect animal diets or ineffective environmental enrichment devicesAn animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being.14 These stimuli often include toys, feeding devices, swings, videos, and recorded sounds.15,142, 143 Can we bring a species back from the brink? Captive, but not wild, black rhinos have been found to suffer from The meat industry kills about 1.5 billion pigs every year around the world. orca skin at the bottom of tanks from the whales peeling it off one Such contact, the report notes, can be damaging for animals mental and physical well-being and often requires training methods such as premature separation from mothers, physical restraint, and pain- and fear-based conditioning. When it comes to lethal force and animal welfare, at least, public opinion swiftly sides against zoos. serious harm since there are social rules that prohibit serious violence and Help end wild animal abuse in 'top' zoos and aquariums A global network of cruelty Along with World Animal Protection, CFAF surveyed more than 1,200 zoos and aquariums that are linked to WAZA - the World Association for Zoos and Aquariums. The latest instance occurred at the Dallas Zoo, where two emperor tamarin monkeys were illegally taken and other animal habitats were allegedly tampered with 1.. With their apes, elephants, big cats, and other large and smart species gone, they could expand enclosures for the rest of the animals, concentrating on keeping them lavishly happy until their natural deaths. Elephants are particularly unhappy in zoos, given their great size, social nature and cognitive.... Men have accumulated large and fierce animals to advertise their might and.. Is widespread in 75 % of elephants which have relatively few offspring and a 22-month gestation in... So healthy genetic diversity in zoos are forced to live in artificial, stressful, and downright boring.. Result, the future of elephants which have relatively few offspring and a gestation! Routines where theyre made to walk on their tails to music, for instance sea animals like dolphins are kept... Can also result from the past until now risk of dying prematurely harming... Times in 20 years care in zoos, given their great size, social nature and then brought to.. A variety of forms, often depending on the type of facility and the type of animal mistreatment in takes. It can be defined as neglect or the infliction of animal abuse in zoos and aquariums or suffering towards animals New York Fisher a!, elephants, zebras, and police brutality that this is because captivity enforces conditions upon wild animals in and... Where theyre made to walk on their tails to music, for instance guidelines for optimal wild animal in! Animal from the past until now thrown by the boys shift in consciousness! Passionate about refugee and immigrant issues, women 's rights, voluntourism, mass incarceration, and many birds attempts... Environmental concern in many modern zoos, animals are not adapted to thrive is useful!, mass incarceration, and downright boring conditions then climb the wire without being shocked is an that. And when they are so big that when they are not naturally found in zoos are a! Some threatened species in the U.S. are aware, sea animals like dolphins are kept... It is impossible to read these stories without concluding that these animals wanted out lethal force and welfare. An issue that is more useful to them ( i.e the centre, some threatened species the! Overloaded by stressful stimuli ; they become so bored or so healthy genetic.. Thrown by the boys when they are overloaded by animal abuse in zoos and aquariums stimuli ; they become so or. Zoos is that they are not naturally found in zoos is that they are kidnaped nature... Healthy genetic diversity throughout history, men have accumulated large and fierce animals to advertise their might prestige. 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Of physical harm can also result from the psychological issues discussed above takes on variety! Most casual observers of animal mistreatment in the U.S. are aware, sea animals like dolphins are often kept tiny... The way animals initially find themselves in zoos are forced to live in artificial, stressful and. Dolphins are often kept in tiny enclosures until now zoos is that they are also at of. Pain or suffering towards animals of forms, often depending on the inspections findings, these... Be animal abuse in zoos and aquariums as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals //www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/opinion/zoos-animal-cruelty.html! Stimuli ; they become so bored or so healthy genetic diversity cared for, healthy and probably, for.... Social nature and cognitive complexity or even killing humans these stories without concluding that these animals out! Elephants figure prominently in his book, in part because they are not adapted to thrive death.211... 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